Which term describes the view that Earth’s features were shaped by processes that are observable today?

• A. Uniformitarianism
• B. Catastrophism
• C. Mechanism
• D. Evolution

Answer: (A)

Uniformitarianism is the idea that Earth’s surface features were formed by processes we can observe today—like weathering, erosion, sedimentation, and volcanism—acting over long periods. This view holds that the same natural forces operating now have shaped the planet throughout its history, so studying present processes helps explain past landscapes. Catastrophism, in contrast, emphasizes dramatic, short-term events as the primary shapers of Earth’s features, which is why it doesn’t fit this question. Mechanism is too general and doesn’t specify the temporal continuity, and evolution concerns biological change rather than geological shaping.